Fig. 2: Effects of the incentive-based EDR on electricity usage among heterogeneous groups.

a–d depict the electricity conservation of the EDR group and no-notification group among heterogeneous groups. The ordinate represents the difference in electricity usage (measured in kWh) between the benchmark day and treatment day. A positive value indicates a reduction in electricity use. a represents the overall effect, with the red line representing the EDR group, and the purple line representing the no-notification group. b, c, d demonstrate the heterogeneous effects on urban households, households with children, households with elderly individuals and the control group, respectively. Source data for this figure are available on GitHub.