Fig. 6: In vivo antitumor activity of biomimetic nanovaccine-mediated multivalent IL-15 self-transpresentation (MIST).

a B16F10-OVA cancer cells were subcutaneously inoculated into C57BL/6j mice. On days 7, 10, 13, and 16, the PBS, DC vesicles, IL-15, biNV, IL-15+biNV, and biNV-IL-15 were intravenously administered into the mice. OVA served as the tumor antigen of B16F10-OVA. b Average tumor growth curve and survival curve following various treatments (n = 6/group). c Flow cytometric examination images and d relative quantification of SIINFEKL-specific CD8⁺ T cells in peripheral blood of B16F10-OVA tumor-bearing mice after various treatments, which was monitored through flow cytometry analysis of tetramer⁺CD8⁺ T cells (n = 4/group). Average tumor growth curve and survival curve (n = 6/group) of 4T1 (e) and B16F10-OVA (f) tumor-bearing mice suggested the in vivo antigen-specific cancer inhibition of biNV-IL-15. Data represent the mean ± s.d. The p values in panel d are <0.0001. And the p values of biNV-IL-15/HCP to biNV-IL-15/OVA in panel f are <0.0001 and 0.0011, respectively. Statistical significance was calculated through two-tailed student’s t-test (e, f), log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (b, e, f), or one-way ANOVA using a Tukey post-hoc test (b, d). Source data underlying panels b, d, e, f are provided as a Source Data file.