Fig. 7: The suppression of tumor recurrence.

a Schematic depicting biNV-IL-15 treatment in 4T1-luc orthotopic cancer model with incomplete cancer resection (IVIS in vivo imaging system, FC flow cytometry analysis, IF immunofluorescence, IHC immunohistochemistry, ELIS: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). b In vivo bioluminescence imaging for 4T1-luc tumor following the removal of the primary tumor. Every group showed four representative mice. Images on day 10 were shown before surgery. c Individual and d average tumor growth curve and e survival curve (n = 6/group) in tumor resection model receiving various treatments, Rr: Recurrence rate. f Immunofluorescence images of tumors displaying F4/80⁺ macrophage and CD8⁺ T cell infiltration for PBS and biNV-IL-15 groups. Scale bar = 50 μm. Experiment was repeated three times independently with similar results. g Flow cytometric examination images and h relative quantification of CD8⁺ T cell in tumor (n = 4/group). i Flow cytometric measurement images and j relative quantification of CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs in tumor (n = 4/group). k Flow cytometric assessment images and l relative quantification of M1-type TAMs (CD80^hiCD11b⁺F4/80⁺) in tumor (n = 4/group). m Flow cytometric analysis images and n relative quantification of M2-type TAM (CD206^hiCD11b⁺F4/80⁺) in tumor (n = 4/group). o Flow cytometric evaluation images and p relative quantification of CD3⁺CD8⁺CD62L^lowCD44^hi T_EM in the spleen (n = 4/group). Data represent the mean ± s.d. The p values in panels d, h, j, p are <0.0001. And the p values of G4 to G6 and G5 to G6 in panel l are <0.0001 and 0.0085, respectively. Statistical significance was calculated through two-tailed student’s t-test (d), log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (e), or one-way ANOVA using a Tukey post-hoc test (h, j, l, n, p). Source data underlying panels c–e, h, j, l, n, p are provided as a Source Data file.