Fig. 2: Compositional and electronic structure of as-prepared electrocatalysts.

a PXRD patterns of Single crystal NiPS₃ powder, pure NiPS₃ NSs, and Ru-NiPS₃ NSs. b Raman spectra of the samples as mentioned above. c EPR results of NiPS₃ and Ru-NPS₃. XPS spectra of (d) Ni 2p_3/2, (e) P 2p, (f) S 2p, and (g) Ru 3p.