Fig. 3: HER performances of different samples in 1 M KOH (pH = 14).

a HER polarization curves for carbon cloth, NiPS3 powder, NiPS3 NSs, Ru-NiPS3 NSs, and Pt/C measured in 1 M KOH with a scan rate of 2 mV s−1. The mass loading of the electrocatalysts is ~1.5 mg cm−2, and the solution resistance is ~3.0 Ω. b Tafel slope of different catalysts obtained from the polarization curves in (a). c Exchange current density of different samples extrapolated linearly from the Tafel slope in (b). d Nyquist plots of NiPS3 powder, NiPS3 NSs, and Ru-NiPS3 NS (inset shows the equivalent circuit diagram). (e) Scan rate dependence of the average capacitive currents for NiPS3 NSs and Ru-NiPS3 NSs. f Comparison of the overpotential and Tafel slope among our catalyst and other reported NiPS3-based electrocatalysts for alkaline HER. g Chronoamperometry curve test for Ru-NiPS3 NSs at a fixed current density of −100 mA cm−2.