Fig. 1: Construction of boosted ZTCC and characterization of V₂O₅@rGO sample.

a Schematic illustration of V₂O₅@rGO based ZTCC, and b corresponding voltage distribution profile. c Differential charge density, and d the optimized diffusion pathway of Zn²⁺ in V₂O₅@rGO composite. e TEM image of V₂O₅@rGO-1.5. f XRD pattern of V₂O₅, V₂O₅@rGO-1.5, and rGO.