Fig. 4: The safety assessment of BiotGm on honey bee larvae and adults.
Survival (a) and average weight (b) of A. mellifera worker larvae exposed to 100 µg/mL BiotGm, diets without test substance as control group (CK) and 45 µg/mL dimethoate (Dim). Data were based on four independent biological replicates (each including 12 larvae). The ranges of the violin plots represent the upper and lower quartiles, whereas the points indicate median. The two-sided unpaired Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to identify the difference in larval average weight between groups. The same letters above the bars indicate no significant differences between groups (P > 0.05). c Survival of A. mellifera and A. cerana cerana worker adults after 12 days of exposure to 100 µg/mL BiotGm, syrup without test substance as control group (CK), 1 and 45 µg/mL dimethoate. Data were based on four independent biological replicates (each including 20 adults). d Average daily syrup and pollen consumption of A. mellifera and A. cerana cerana worker adults after 12 days of exposure to 100 µg/mL BiotGm and the control group (CK). Data are presented as the mean ± SE of five independent biological replicates. Significance of daily syrup and pollen consumption between groups was determined using a two-sided unpaired Student’s t-test. Exact P-values of syrup consumption, A. mellifera: **Pday8 = 0.0036, A. cerana cerana: **Pday6 = 0.0022; *Pday10 = 0.0104. Exact P-values of pollen consumption, A. mellifera: *Pday7 = 0.0146; *Pday8 = 0.0278; **Pday10 = 0.0081, A. cerana cerana: *Pday7 = 0.0314; *Pday8 = 0.0450. All survival data were analysed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and the two-sided log-rank test to determine differences, where significance was denoted with a P-value > 0.05 (ns). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
