Fig. 5: Investigation of open healing during GBR therapy with the SIOM in vivo.

a Illustration of the split-mouth experiment protocol. The third premolar (P4) of a mongrel (medium-sized dog) was hemi-sectioned and extracted. The CM and SIOM were placed to cover the defect and secured with eight sutures. b, c Periodic sampling protocol and timeline. The sterile paper was used to acquire the microbiome samples. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva dynamically interacted with the CM and SIOM as the peripheral gingival tissues underwent healing. d Taxonomic relative abundance at the phylum level presented across the sampling timeline. e Core microbiota distribution between the GCF, CM, and SIOM, observed at the species level resolution. f Dysbiosis scores presented using out-of-bag (OOB) probability scores and median community-level variations (CLVs). The dysbiosis threshold was established with pre-surgical GCF samples on a scale of 0 to 1, where 1 indicates the maximum dysbiosis score. g Healing rate of the post-surgical wound (n = 7, RM ANOVA, p = 0.002) compared by identifying the region of interest (ROI; y-axis) and its reduction with time (x-axis). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.