Fig. 1: Thermo-Calc calculation results of microalloyed S32205 DSSs.

Precipitation behaviour of phases in S32205 DSSs microalloyed with a 0.25 wt.% Ti, b 0.25 wt.% V, and c 0.25 wt.% Nb. The light blue shaded area represents the approximate temperature range of hot working and heat treatment. Chemical compositions of d (Cr,Ti)N, e (Cr,V)N, and f Z phase and (Cr,Nb)N in (a), (b), and (c), respectively. (Cr,Ti)N, (Cr,V)N, and (Cr,Nb)N belong to MN-type precipitates whose definitions are based on their calculated compositions in (d), (e), and (f), respectively. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.