Fig. 5: Universality of Nb microalloying technology.

a Precipitation behaviour of Nb-bearing phases in series of DSSs microalloyed with 0.25 wt.% Nb, which were calculated by Thermo-Calc software. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of b S32101, c S32750, and d industrial S32205 DSSs microalloyed with and without 0.25 wt.% Nb in double-concentration simulated seawater at 72 °C (pH 8.2). The inserts show the morphologies of single inclusion and inclusion@Z core-shell structure. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.