Fig. 4: Origin and timing of bushpigs in Madagascar.

a Outgroup f₃ statistics in the form f₃ (Madagascar, X; Warthog), where X describes different sampling localities. b Population split times with Madagascar as estimated by TT using individual pairs of medium-high depth (≥14×) samples (n = 18). T1 and T2 values, describing population split times from a common ancestor, are shown as dark blue circles for Madagascar and coloured triangles for other populations (Population 2), respectively. A mutation rate of µ = 1.49e⁻⁸ per site per generation and a generation time of six years were assumed^4,84. kya – thousands of years ago. c Recent effective population sizes inferred based on unrelated Madagascar individuals using popSizeABC⁴³ (n = 21). Shaded region – estimated timing of human arrival in Madagascar^24,26,27; black line – estimated timing of Bantu speakers arrival in Madagascar as estimated in Pierron et al.²⁶; red line – estimated timing of earliest known bushpig fossils in Madagascar (MBP)⁶³.