Fig. 1: Climatological mean characteristics of observed atmospheric circulation in East Asia-western North Pacific.

a–f 850 hPa vorticity (shaded; × 10−6 s−1) and 200 hPa flow fields from May to October in turn, in which the black thin dashed line is for topography; the black dashed box is for the monsoon trough (MT) area; “A” indicates the anticyclonic center; and the black double dashed line is for the ridge line of an anticyclone. g 850 hPa vorticity ( × 10-6 s-1) over the MT area. This figure was created using Grid Analysis and Display System (GRADS) Version 2.0.a9.oga.1 (https://sourceforge.net/projects/opengrads/files/). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.