Fig. 3: Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assessment of 2-octynohydroxamic acid (2-octynoHA).

a Caco-2 cell viability in the presence of 2-octynoHA compared to the medium control (n = 6). Positive control (PC, 10 mM hydrogen peroxide) is presented as an orange bar (n = 6). Statistical significance was calculated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ****p < 0.0001 vs. medium control. All p-values are reported in Supplementary Data 1. b–f Mutagenicity of 2-octynoHA in (b) TA98 (n = 3), (c) TA100 (n = 3), (d) TA1535 (n = 3), (f) TA1537 (n = 3) S. typhimurium strains and in (e) a combination of E. coli wp2 uvrA and E. coli wp2 [pKM101] strains (E. coli Combo, n = 3) is expressed as a number of wells with revertant colonies per 48 wells. Mutagenicity was assessed with (+ S9) and without (- S9) liver homogenate (S9 fraction). The black and red dashed lines show a 2-fold increase over a baseline level for the experiments with and without S9 fraction, respectively, indicating the minimal number of revertant colonies per 48 wells at which the tested inhibitor’s concentration is considered potentially mutagenic. Mutagenic test samples are indicated with black or red asterisk for the experiments with and without S9 fraction, respectively. Positive controls (PC) for each strain are listed in Supplementary Tables 4 and 5. Data are expressed as mean ± SD from n experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.