Fig. 1: Changes of summer water vapor budget.

a Spatial pattern of linear trends in the difference (\(P-E\)) between precipitation (\(P\)) and evaporation (\(E\)) (shade, unit: mm month⁻¹ decade⁻¹) and water vapor flux (vector, unit: kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹ decade⁻¹) over the Tibetan Plateau during 1979–2014. The black points and green vectors indicate that the trends of \(P-E\) and water vapor flux pass the test at 0.1 confidence level. b Time series (point) and linear fitting (line) of water vapor flux (unit: ¹0⁶ kg s⁻¹) in four boundaries of the Tibetan Plateau during 1979–2014. The asterisks represent statistical significance at 90% confidence level. The numbers represent linear trends (unit: 10⁶ kg s⁻¹ decade⁻¹) of water vapor flux in each boundary of the Tibetan Plateau.