Fig. 5: Electrochemical performance and safety assessment of Li metal full cells.

a Cycling performance of 100 μm Li | |NCM811 full cells operated at 0.2 C charge / 0.3 C discharge with various lean electrolytes (7.3 mL Ah-1) in the voltage range of 3–4.3 V. b Corresponding selected charge/discharge curves in 1.2 m BMC + . c Cycling performance of anode-free Cu | |NCM811 coin cells operated at 0.2 C charge / 0.3 C discharge with various lean electrolytes (5 mL Ah-1) in the voltage range of 3–4.3 V. d Cycling performance of the industrial anode-free Cu | |NCM811 pouch cell operated at 0.2 C charge / 1 C discharge with lean 1.2 m BMC+ (2 g Ah-1) in the voltage range of 3–4.3 V. e DSC curves of fully charged NCM811 with different electrolytes. f ARC results of fully charged Li | |NCM811 pouch cells with different electrolytes.