Fig. 7: In vivo histological assessment of subcutaneous implantation in the SF, SF-1nMgO and SF-3nMgO groups.

a Experiment design, histological analysis and ectopic osteogenesis evaluation from the SF, SF-1nMgO and SF-3nMgO groups. b Representative images of the H&E staining of the SF, SF-1nMgO and SF-3nMgO groups after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of subcutaneous implantation; the red frame represents the boundary area between the scaffolds and the surrounding tissue; the blue frame represents the area inside the scaffolds; green arrows represent foreign body giant cells; scaffolds are labelled with S. c Statistical analysis of the number of host cells infiltration. d The number of FBGCs surrounding the implanted scaffolds 4 weeks after subcutaneous implantation. e Representative images of the Masson’s Trichrome staining of the SF, SF-1nMgO and SF-3nMgO groups after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of subcutaneous implantation; the blue frame represents the boundary area between the scaffolds and the surrounding tissue; the black arrow represents the fibrotic capsules; scaffolds are labelled with S. f, g, h Statistical analysis of the thickness of fibrotic capsules after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of subcutaneous implantation. Values in (c, d, f, g, h) represent the mean ± SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. n = 4 biologically independent replicates. Source data and exact P-values are provided as a source data file. (ns: P > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).