Fig. 1: Trilemma in management of DESs: decentralization, privacy, and security.

Decentralization means that the final decision is not made by a single party. Researchers may use PA or blockchain to realize decentralization. The former requires everyone to solve their own optimization subproblems and focuses on data privacy. The latter usually lets the blockchain be the ”centralized” decision maker and emphasizes security. A simple combination of PA and blockchain may compromise both security and privacy.