Fig. 4: The 60-bus distribution grid in Yingkou City, China and the iteration results. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: The 60-bus distribution grid in Yingkou City, China and the iteration results.

From: Break down the decentralization-security-privacy trilemma in management of distributed energy systems

Fig. 4

a The general structure of the test distribution grid, which is located in the economic-technological development area of Bayuquan district, Yingkou city. b The active load, reactive load, and renewable power generation ceilings from 6 Nov 2023 to 12 Nov 2023. c The primal and dual residuals during the decentralized iteration, which respectively indicate the conflicts between neighboring DESs, i.e., \(\max (| {{{{{\bf{x}}}}}}^{(k)}_{c,i,j}-{{{{{\bf{e}}}}}}_{c,i,j}^{(k)}| )\) and the variation of the decision in successive iterations, i.e., \(\max (| {{{{{\bf{x}}}}}}^{(k)}_{c,i,j}-{{{{{\bf{x}}}}}}_{c,i,j}^{(k-1)}| )\). (k) denotes the iteration number. The residuals are in the per-unit system and the base value for power and voltage takes 1 MW and 1 KV. d The total energy cost of the decisions of all DESs during the iterations. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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