Fig. 3: XPS and Operando XAFS spectra of CuO and CuAg samples.

a Cu K-edge XANES and EXAFS spectra of the CuO and CuAg samples at OCV. b Cu K-edge XANES and EXAFS spectra of CuAg samples at −0.65 V vs RHE ( ~ 150 mA cm−2), Cu2O, CuO and standard Cu foil. d FT of EXAFS spectra of CuAg samples at −0.65 V vs RHE and standard Cu foil. e EXAFS fitting curves at the Cu–Cu path and Cu-Ag path for Cu3Ag7 at −0.65 V vs RHE. c, f XPS spectra of CuO and CuAg samples after COR with 200 mA cm−2 of (c) Cu 2p and (f) Ag 3d. Relevant source data are provided as a Source Data file.