Fig. 5: Fabrication of high-voltage ionic hydrogel power sources (IHPS) with many units in series by automated consecutive multimaterial printing and collecting strategy.
a The automatic consecutive multimaterial printing process was complemented with a roll-to-roll collection module. b The photograph of the resultant IHPS roll with 1000 units in series, which was consecutively printed at a switching frequency of 1/4 Hz. c Voc of the consecutively-printed IHPS collected at a temperature of 25 °C and 4 °C, respectively. d The illumination of 21 LED bulbs (1.3 mW) arranged in the “XJTU” pattern was accomplished by utilizing the consecutively printed IHPS roll with 1000 units in series. e The schematic of consecutive multimaterial printing process for parallelly-configured IHPS utilizing an arrayed multimaterial printhead. f Inter-circuits were designed for IHPS to achieve a series-connected configuration with enhanced voltage output. g The photograph of arrayed multi-channel printheads with 2, 4, 8, and 16 outlets. h The snapshot of consecutive multimaterial printing process using a 16-arrayed multimaterial printhead. i Voc, Isc, and (j) power dissipation characteristics (mean ± s.d., n = 3) of the printed IHPS consisting of 96 units connected with inter-circuits using an arrayed multimaterial printhead were found to be comparable to those obtained from a single printhead with the same unit number in series connection configuration. k Voc measurement results showed that the printed IHPS containing up to 1600 units in series achieved an impressive voltage output reaching up to 208.01 V. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
