Fig. 7: In vivo hemostatic effect of alkylated-superporous chitosan sponge (A-spCS) in Bama minipigs.

a Schematic diagram of the hemostatic process of A-spCS acting on the pig liver and spleen perforation model. b Photos of liver/spleen hemostatic effect in blank, CELOX, and A-spCS groups. c, e Liver/spleen total blood loss in blank, CELOX, and A-spCS groups. d, f Liver/spleen hemostasis times of blank, CELOX, and A-spCS groups. Values and error bars in (c−f) represent the mean and standard deviation (n  =  3 independent samples), P > 0.05 (ns), **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA to compare multiple groups or two groups).