Fig. 6: Electrochemical characteristics and compositions of practical SSB pouch cells.

Initial charge–discharge electrochemical profiles and weight compositions of all the configuring materials of SSB pouch cells with a, b 1 Ah scale, 280 Wh kg−1, and c, d 0.5 Ah scale, 310 Wh kg−1. The 1 Ah and 0.5 Ah-scale cell are composed of four and ten bilayer electrodes, respectively, and three and eleven freestanding thin Li metal negative electrodes, respectively. The testing was conducted within operating cell voltage range of 2.7–4.3 V, and the condition was set to 9 mA g−1 under 45 °C. The composition included all the inactive components of the cell, including the case.