Fig. 7: Performance benchmarking of SSBs against recently published studies.

For fair comparison, the specific energy was normalized by the weight of the electrodes and SE membrane using the calculation provided by Janek et al.5. The horizontal axis represents the areal electrode loading (mg cm−2), and the vertical axis indicates the AM ratio (wt%) of the electrode. The size of the symbol indicates the areal discharge capacity (mAh cm−2) of the electrode, and the color represents the specific energy (Wh kg−1). The rational function lines connect the equivalent AM loading amounts among the different electrode designs. The references are presented in Supplementary Table 4.