Fig. 1: Schematic of the two modes in managing the CO2/H2O balance at the CO2R reaction interface.
From: Selective and stable CO2 electroreduction at high rates via control of local H2O/CO2 ratio

Orange sphere: catalyst particle; white sphere in mode I: PTFE powder; purple layer in mode II: thin and intact polymer coatings with optimized CO2 and H2O management properties.