Fig. 1: SARS-CoV-2 infection of AGM reflects virologic, and immune response reported in humans.

a An overview of the study design and major analysis timepoints. Baseline (BL) samples are taken 11 days pre-infection except when otherwise indicated. Fifteen animals were infected with SARS-CoV-2 (strain 2019-nCoV/USA-WA1/2020) intranasally, and intratracheally. Five received the BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) mRNA vaccine 4 days post-infection (dpi), while 10 remained unvaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Main analysis timepoints (BL, day 3, and weeks 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 18 p.i.) for mainly blood chemistry, chemokines/cytokines, and immune responses are indicated. Tissues (liver, pancreas, duodenum, lung) were collected at necropsy (18 weeks p.i.) for virologic analysis, metabolic and or clinical evaluation. Figure 1a created with BioRender.com released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license. b Nasal and pharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 genomic nucleocapsid (N) RNA in unvaccinated and vaccinated animals (right), and pie charts showing the percentage of animals with detectable pharyngeal gRNA in animals at week 5 (bottom left). n = 10 and 5 unvaccinated and vaccinated animals, respectively. c Plasma antibody responses against spike, d S1RBD, and e nucleocapsid (NC) proteins. f Timepoint analysis of IgG, and g IgA responses against spike protein. h Timepoint analysis of IgG, and i IgA responses against S1RBD protein. j Percentage of memory CD4+ T cells expressing IL-2. k The percentage of memory CD4+ T cells expressing TNF in response to PMA/ionomycin (P/I) stimulation. l The percentage of memory CD8+ T cells expressing TNF in response to P/I stimulation. For j–l unvaccinated: BL, n = 8; Wk 1–18, n = 10; Vaccinated: BL-Wk 8 and Wk 18, n = 5; Wk 12, n = 4. Two-sided Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test with Benjamini–Hochberg correction (FDR) was used to compare timepoints. PERMANOVA was used for temporal comparisons between groups. BL: 1.5 weeks pre-infection. c–e shade represents 95% confidence interval. j–l error bars represent SEM. n denotes number of independent samples/animals at each timepoint. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.