Fig. 1: Leaf response to drought and BPH infestation, staining of pACL1:GUS roots, and genetic function of ACL1 in drought tolerance and BPH resistance.

a Transverse section of the leaf of ZH11 before treatment (normal), after BPH infestation for 6 days (BPH), and after drought (direct water cut-off) for 6 h (drought). Black lines and red ones indicate the bulliform cells adjacent to the main vein and the secondary vein, respectively. Bar is 20 µm. b, c GUS staining of the root hair zone (b) and root tip (c) of pACL1:GUS plants, respectively. Bars are 50 µm. d Survival of ACL1-D, ACL1KO, ACLDKO, and ZH11 plants under drought (direct water cut-off). e, f Phenotype of ACL1-D and WT plants after BPH infestation in an individual test (e) and small population test (f). g Survival of the plants in (f). h Phenotype of RHT, TN1, ACL1-D, and ZH11 plants to in response to BPH infestation. i, j Phenotype of ACL1KO and ZH11 plants after BPH infestation in an individual test (i) and small population test (j). k Survival of the plants in (j). l, m, o Phenotype of ZH11, ACLDKO-15, and ACLDKO-23 plants after BPH infestation in an individual test (l) and small population test (m, o). n Survival of the plants in (m). p Survival of the plants in (o). Data in (d), (g), (k), (n), and (p) are means ± SD (n = 3). q Functional plant loss index of the ACL1-D, ACL1KO, and ZH11 plants after BPH feeding. r Plant dry weight loss of ACL1-D, ACL1KO, and ZH11 plants after BPH feeding. s Plant dry weight loss to BPH dry weight produced of ACL1-D, ACL1KO, and ZH11 plants after BPH feeding. Data in (q), (r), and (s) are means ± SD (n = 5). The P values in (d), (g), (k), (n), and (p–s) were determined by a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. The experiments in (a–c) were repeated at least three times with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.