Fig. 2: Physicochemical characterizations of Fe-based DASCs.

Three-dimensional morphology image of (a) Fe SASC, (b) FeCo DASC, (c) FeNi DASC, (d) FeCu DASC processed from HAADF-STEM images. e STEM image and (f) EDS map of FeCo DASC. g Fourier transform of Fe K-edge EXAFS signals for Fe SASC, FeCo, FeNi and FeCu DASCs and their control samples. h Wavelet transforms of Fe K-edge EXAFS signals for FeCo, FeNi and FeCu DASCs. i Fabrication process from mixed electrode crystals to metal ion solvents and DASCs. The recovery efficiency calculations for each step are provided together.