Fig. 4: Evolution of noble metal surfaces under EPC-EGOR.

a In situ Raman spectra collected during (a) a positive scan and (b) a negative scan on Au/Ti under EGOR conditions. EPC runs at +0.53 ~ +2.08 V with a scan rate of 2 mV/s. The acquisition time for each spectrum was 45 s. The a.u. of the ordinate represents arbitrary units. Condition: 1 M KOH with 0.3 M EG. c Schematic illustration of the EGOR deactivation over noble metal (M = Pd, Pt, Au) catalyst during EPC electrolysis. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.