Fig. 2: Trends in groundwater, irrigation, crops, and procurement in Punjab.
From: The role of farm subsidies in changing India’s water footprint
a Trends in groundwater depth is plotted on the left y-axis and the fraction of defunct wells on the right y-axis. Fraction of wells defunct in any year are calculated over the base of wells that were active in 1973. Trends are estimated using local linear regressions with bandwidth 2.5. b Trends in share of irrigated area under all wells, tube wells, and canals are estimated using local linear regressions with bandwidth 2.5 and plotted on the left y-axis. The bars at the bottom plot irrigated area over time and must be read off the right y-axis. c Trends in cultivated area under various crops estimated using local linear regressions with bandwidth 2.5. The bars at the bottom plot gross cropped area over time and must be read off the right y-axis. d Solid lines plot trends in government procurement of rice or wheat (left y-axis) and dashed lines plot cropped area (right y-axis).
