Fig. 2: Individuals living in proximity to migratory shorebirds have increased H5 HA binding and neutralisation.

As the data is non-parametric, the medians of each group were compared using a two-tailed Mann–Whitney test in GraphPad Prism 10.0.3. a Represents ELISA-binding data of n = 2000 samples, where the population is 51% (n = 1024) poultry owners and 23% (n = 454) were living in proximity to wild shorebirds (<10 km). Statistically significant p-values are 0.0174 (H1N1 binding, poultry ownership), 0.0156 (H5N2 binding, proximity), and 0.0012 (H5N1 binding, proximity). The nonsignificant p-values were 0.4707 (H3N2 binding, poultry ownership), 0.0612 (H3N2 binding, proximity), 0.7503 (H1N1 binding, proximity), 0.7633 (H5N2 binding, poultry ownership), and 0.1997 (H5N1 binding, poultry ownership). All samples were tested in duplicate at a 1:50 dilution. b Displays NT50 values for H5N1 pseudovirus microneutralisation assays (n = 204 for A/Indonesia/05/2005 and A/Bar headed goose Qinghai/1A/2005; n = 174 for A/chicken/Malaysia (Sabah)/6123/2018). NT50 is here defined as the dilution factor of the serum necessary to reach 50% inhibition of the pseudovirus. The samples tested against A/Indonesia/05/2005 and A/Bar headed goose Qinghai/1A/2005 pseudoviruses were 52% (n = 108) poultry owners, and 34% (n = 69) lived within 10 km of a shorebird sighting. The samples tested against A/chicken/Malaysia (Sabah)/6123/2018 pseudovirus (n = 178) were 50% poultry owners (n = 89), and 33% (n = 58) lived within 10 km of a migratory shorebird. The p-value for proximity comparisons for H5N1 Qinghai NT50s was <0.0001 (0.000007), and the p-value for poultry ownership for H5N1 Sabah NT50s was p = 0.0035. The nonsignificant p-values were 0.0950 (H5N1 Indonesia, poultry ownership), 0.1461 (H5N1 Indonesia, proximity), 0.4328 (H5N1 Qinghai, poultry ownership), and 0.0687 (H5N1 Sabah, proximity). The figure was generated in GraphPad Prism 10.0.3. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.