Fig. 7: Development of a protein signature model for recommending liberal or restrictive fluid strategy.

a Comparative analysis of plasma protein expression levels between the restrictive (n = 102 person-days) and liberal (n = 311 person-days) fluid strategy cohorts. Two-sided p-values were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. b Nomogram demonstrating the estimation of benefit scores based on plasma protein levels. The red lines represent a sample patient, with a score of −0.42, suggesting potential benefit from the liberal strategy. Two-sided p-values are reported for each variable; Significance levels are indicated with asterisks as follows: ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, and ^***p < 0.005. c ROC plot illustrating the diagnostic accuracy of the protein signature for identifying patients who may benefit from the restrictive fluid strategy.