Fig. 4: Spatial gene expression atlas of root organ development using spatial RNA-seq.

a Root structure of V. erythrodactylon. Root growth was stimulated by with abundant water. The new roots are white and quickly lignified. Scale bar, 10 cm. b Longitudinal and cross-sectional views of V. erythrodactylon root. Scale bar, 500 µm. c Spatial transcriptomics-based cell clustering and cell-type identification in V. erythrodactylon roots. Visualization and annotation of identified cell types, with corresponding markers listed in Supplementary Data 3. Different cell types are color-coded. d RNA velocity analysis of root cells, indicating direction and speed of cellular movement. e Network plots displaying enriched GO terms and pathways of marker genes in various root cell types from spatial RNA-seq. f Spatial expression patterns of marker gene modules specific to cortex-5, stele, and velamen in V. erythrodactylon roots. Detailed gene names for each module are provided in the right border.