Fig. 1: 40 Hz blue light treatment improves memory functions in 4-month-old 5xFAD mice. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: 40 Hz blue light treatment improves memory functions in 4-month-old 5xFAD mice.

From: Modulation of glymphatic system by visual circuit activation alleviates memory impairment and apathy in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Fig. 1

a The experimental timeline of blue light treatment, behavioral tests, injection of the OVA-Alexa Fluor 647 tracer into the cisterna magna (i.c.m.) and sacrifice (sac). b Schematic of the Y-Maze test. c The spontaneous alternation and total numbers of arm entries in the Y-maze test (n = 15, 10, 11). d Upper panel, schematic of the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Lower panel, representative heatmaps of animals’ traveling paths during the test session of NOR. e Quantification of the discrimination index (DI) and the total time spent on exploring both objects (total exploration) during the training and the test sessions of NOR (n = 15, 10, 10). f Quantitative analyses of the density of c-FOS positive cells in different brain regions across groups (n = 12, 7, 8 of mPFC, ACC, CA1, DG, Re, VTA, LS, PVT, S1, VC, Pir, and PAG; n = 12, 6, 8 of RS, CA3, and SPa; n = 12, 7, 7 of vLGN/IGL and SCN; n = 11, 7, 8 of LHb; n = 11, 7, 6 of PHb; n = 12, 7, 6 of SC; n = 11, 7, 7 of PVN; n = 10, 4, 8 of VLPO). g Representative images of c-FOS expression in the retrosplenial cortex (RS; scale bar: 360 μm), cornu ammonis 3 (CA3; scale bars: 360 μm), nucleus reuniens (Re; scale bars: 200 μm), lateral habenula (LHb; scale bars: 150 μm), primary visual cortex (VC; scale bars: 360 μm), the superior colliculus (SC; scale bars: 360 μm) and ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO; scale bar: 150 μm) brain regions. WT-Con, wild-type littermates that did not receive blue light treatment; AD-Con, 5xFAD mice that did not receive blue light treatment; AD-BLUE, 5xFAD mice that received 40 Hz blue light treatment. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, except density of c-FOS positive cells in SPa, which are analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test.

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