Fig. 3: Joint association of genetic risk, lifestyle, and metabolic syndrome for incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in women from the UK Biobank.

The polygenic risk score for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) has been derived from the FinnGen Consortium. The high genetic risk group was defined as individuals in the top 20% of the polygenic risk score distribution, while the low genetic risk group was defined as those in the bottom 20%. No. Events indicate the number of ASCVD incidents that occurred in the UK Biobank. In the bar charts, bars represent ASCVD incidence rates per 1000 women-year, with vertical lines indicating 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (top panel). In the forest plots, boxes represent the adjusted hazard ratio, with horizontal lines around the boxes indicating 95% CIs (bottom panel). The hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for history of HDP, age, genotype array, and first ten principal components of ancestry. P-values were determined using a Wald test. P-values for interaction were derived from the multiplicative interaction analysis between genetic risk and lifestyle groups. All P-values were derived from two-sided tests. Exact statistical values are provided as a Source Data file. HDP hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, PRS polygenic risk score, ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, MetS metabolic syndrome.