Fig. 5: Free monosaccharides are abundant in cecum contents of mice.

a Absolute measurement of free monosaccharides in cecum contents of C57BL/6J mice associated with the OligoMM¹² microbiota (mice n = 5; blue) or germ free (mice n = 5, white) quantified by LC-MS. For comparison a previously published dataset of C57BL/6J with a complex specific pathogen-free (SPF) microbiota (mice n = 5, gray) and streptomycin-pretreated C57BL/6J SPF was included (mice n = 5, red)⁴⁰. The black lines indicate mM and µM concentration, respectively. b A schematic representation of the D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), D-galactose, and β-glucuronide (hexuronate) degradation pathways. If a gene is present in at least 95% of all analyzed genomes, it is termed core (green). Less than 95%, it is termed accessory (orange). The full names of the abbreviations are listed in Supplementary Data 12. c Bacterial transporters with the respective K_M affinity are shown in µM. PtsG and ManXYZ from S. Typhimurium⁸⁷; FruAB from P. aeruginosa⁸⁸; GalP from E. coli⁸⁹. K_M affinities for NagE, MglABC, and UidB are not available (n.a.). The source data for panels (a, b) are provided in the Source Data file.