Fig. 3: Stiffness and trajectory measurements.

a Experimental setup for block force measurements. b Block force and compressive stiffness with X, Y, and Z-axis. The shaded error bar represents the standard deviation. c Experimental setup for block torque measurements. d Block torque and torsional stiffness about \({Z}^{{\prime} }\) axis. The shaded error bar represents the standard deviation. e Z trajectories. f Star trajectories. g Square trajectories. h Circle trajectories. i Repeatability of different trajectories at 50 μm and frequency ranges [0.05, 2] Hz. The error bar represents the standard deviation. j Repeatability of different trajectories at 0.05 Hz and scale ranges [50, 4000] μm. The error bar represents the standard deviation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.