Fig. 4: Impact of vancomycin-treatment on gut and placental microbiota during pregnancy.

Schematic representation of FMT treatment performed in pregnant dams (a). Stools from vancomycin-treated mice (filled symbols) reduce IFN-ɣ (p = 0.0329), NKG2D (p = 0.0004) expression, and induce higher TNF (p = 0.0025) secretion in maternal NK cells compared to controls (open symbols) at ed14.5 (n = 3 experiments, b). Microbiome clustering based on unweighted Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) UniFrac metrics of fecal and placental microbiota derived from vancomycin-treated and untreated dams at T0 (feces ed0.5: light blue vancomycin, orange control), T7 (feces ed7.5: red vancomycin, gray control) and T14 (feces ed14.5: blue vancomycin, yellow control; placentas: green vancomycin, pink control, c). Graph showing microbial richness and evenness on the Shannon index (upper panel, T0 vs. T7 p = 0.0022, T0 vs. T14 p = 0.0022) and microbial richness based on the Chao1 index (lower panel, d, T0 vs. T7 p = 0.0022, T0 vs. T14 p = 0.0022). The 16S analysis was performed on fecal samples from 6 control and 6 vancomycin-treated dams, as well as placental samples from 5 control and 4 vancomycin-treated dams. Pie charts showing the relative abundance of the most abundant Phyla present in the stool (n = 6, e) and placenta (n = 6, f) of treated and control groups (Actinobacteria = blue, Bacteroidota = red, Deferribacteres = light gray, Firmicutes = yellow, Proteobacteria = bright green, Saccharibacteria = dim green, Spirochaetae: dark grey, Tenericutes = brown, Verrucomicrobia = mid gray). Lines represent mean plus SEM, two-sided Unpaired t test (b), two-sided Mann Whitney t test (d), *p < 0.05, p**<0.01, ***p < 0.001. Each measurement was taken from a distinct experiment. See also Supplementary Figs. 6–10. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.