Table 4 Road transportation policy instrument interactions and their effects on technology innovation outcomes

From: Technology innovation and environmental outcomes of road transportation policy instruments

 

BM

CI

FES

FT

PP

RDS

SI

VS

ZEV

Biofuel Mandate (BM)

    

\(\circleddash\)

\(\circleddash\)

   

Charging Infrastructure (CI)

    

\(\oplus\)

  

\(\circledast \oplus \oplus\)

 

Fuel Economy Standard (FES)

   

\(\oplus\)

   

\(\circledcirc \,\otimes\)

\(\otimes \,\otimes\)

Fuel Tax (FT)

         

Public Procurement (PP)

       

\(\oplus\)

 

R&D Subsidy (RDS)

         

Scrappage Incentive (SI)

       

\(\oplus\)

 

Vehicle Subsidy (VS)

        

\(\circledcirc\)

ZEV Mandate (ZEV)

         
  1. This table summarizes interactions between policy instruments and their effects on technology innovation outcomes, as extracted from ex ante and ex post evaluations in the systematic review sample. The circled asterisk \( \circledast \), circled plus \(\oplus \), circled slash \(\oslash \), circled ring \( \circledcirc \), circled dash \( \circleddash \), and circled times \(\otimes\) symbols represent pre-condition, synergy, addition, overlap, trade-off, and backfire policy instrument interactions, respectively, ordered from most positive to most negative. The number of symbols reflects the number of evaluations associated with each interaction effect. See Supplementary Data 1 for additional information on policy instrument interactions.
  2. \( \circledast \) Pre-Condition \(\oplus \) Synergy \(\oslash \) Addition \( \circledcirc \) Overlap \( \circleddash \) Trade-Off \(\otimes \,\)Backfire.
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