Fig. 2: Expansion of ISG^hi IL-1B⁺ CD14⁺ monocytes in moderate to severe disease.

a UMAP plots representing CD14⁺ monocyte subclusters (SCs; n = 4, left panel), patient groups (G1, G2, G3) or pHC. b Density plot, generated by the Nebulosa⁵¹ package, showing the expression of selected marker genes. c Boxplot comparing the proportion of each CD14⁺ monocyteSC (n = 4) across the individuals (n = 40). pCoV patient groups (G1, G2 and G3) are shown in purple, and pHC in green. P values were calculated using a two-sided t-test comparing the mean (G1, G2 or G3) with mean (pHC). ns: non-significant. The upper and lower bounds represent the 75% and 25% percentiles, respectively. d Heat map representing scaled expression values of the most significant genes in CD14⁺ monocytes from acutely infected (G2 and G3) infants, compared with healthy controls. e Bar plot showing the cell frequency of each CD16⁺ monocyte SC across the 40 individuals, as categorized by patient groups (G1, G2 and G3; in purple) and pHC in green. f As in (a) in CD16⁺ monocyte SCs (n = 3). g As in (c) in CD16⁺ monocytes. h As in (d) in CD16⁺ monocytes. i As in (a) in cDC SCs (n = 7). j Violin plot showing median expression values for selected marker genes across the cDC SCs. k As in (c) in cDC SCs.