Fig. 4: Macrophages display elevated oxidative stress levels after co-culturing with ΔsaeRS. | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Fig. 4: Macrophages display elevated oxidative stress levels after co-culturing with ΔsaeRS.

From: Staphylococcus aureus SaeRS impairs macrophage immune functions through bacterial clumps formation in the early stage of infection

Fig. 4

A Representative fluorescence staining images depicting lipid peroxidation levels in macrophages after co-culturing with different strains of S. aureus (Scale bar, 20 μm). Oxidation of the probe results in a fluorescence shift from red to green. B Relative MDA content within macrophages of each group. C Fluorescence intensity of macrophages from different groups after DCFH-DA staining. D Representative fluorescence staining images of intracellular ROS in macrophages (Scale bar, 20 μm). The DCFH-DA probe emits green fluorescence when combined with ROS. E Representative fluorescence staining images of GSH stained with a GSH tracer in macrophages (Scale bar, 40 μm). Probes bound to GSH emit red fluorescence, and unbound probes emit green fluorescence. F Total glutathione content in macrophages from different groups. G GSH/GSSG ratio in macrophages. n = 3 per group. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001. Data are presented as means ± SD. MDA, malondialdehyde; ROS, reactive oxygen species; DCFH-DA, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide.

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