Table 2 Pre-post differences in clinical profile and gait characteristics for active nVNS and sham nVNS groups.

From: RETRACTED ARTICLE: Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation improves clinical and molecular biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease in patients with freezing of gait

Clinical outcome variables

Baseline (Pre for nVNS) Mean (SD)

Post-intervention nVNS Mean (SD)

P value pre-post nVNS

Baseline (Pre for sham) Mean (SD)

Post-intervention sham Mean (SD)

P value pre-post sham

Gait outcome variables

 Velocity

61.9 ± 20.3

72 ± 19.1

0.003*

66.6 ± 20.3

68.31 ± 18.2

0.689

 Step length

36.2 ± 10.3

40.3 ± 10.15

0.007*

36.8 ± 10.4

37.2 ± 10

0.797

 Swing time variability

0.04 ± 0.02

0.03 ± 0.02

0.085

0.04 ± 0.03

0.04 ± 0.03

0.432

 Step time

0.6 ± 0.10

0.57 ± 0.08

0.003*

0.57 ± 0.099

0.55 ± 0.08

0.059

 Swing time

0.37 ± 0.06

0.38 ± 0.07

0.970

0.36 ± 0.07

0.35 ± 0.07

0.338

 Stance time

0.83 ± 0.17

0.75 ± 0.12

0.001*

0.77 ± 0.16

0.74 ± 0.12

0.304

 Stride velocity  variability

6.4 ± 3.2

6.9 ± 3.4

0.846

6.9 ± 2.55

6.9 ± 2.43

0.841

 Step length variability

3.9 ± 1.5

4.0 ± 2.3

0.440

4.1 ± 1.2

4.3 ± 1.3

0.543

 Step time variability

0.05 ± 0.03

0.04 ± 0.02

0.114

0.05 ± 0.03

0.05 ± 0.035

0.920

 Step time asymmetry

0.04 ± 0.04

0.02 ± 0.02

0.056

0.03 ± 0.03

0.03 ± 0.04

0.819

 Step length asymmetry

3.1 ± 2.4

2.5 ± 2.2

0.149

2.7 ± 2.4

2.7 ± 2.1

0.808

 Step width

11 ± 2.9

10.7 ± 2.9

0.357

10.8 ± 2

10.7 ± 3.7

0.424

Clinical characteristics

 MDS-UPDRS I

16 ± 7

13 ± 8

0.004*

16 ± 7

13 ± 8

0.030

 MDS-UPDRS II

21 ± 6

17 ± 7

0.001*

22 ± 5

18 ± 5

0.009*

 MDS-UPDRS III

40 ± 1

33 ± 1

0.002*

39 ± 10

32 ± 12

0.002*

 H & Y

2 ± 0.5

2 ± 0.5

0.083

2 ± 0.7

2 ± 0.7

0.655

 TUG (s)

39 ± 77

42 ± 101

0.033

45 ± 67

35 ± 47

0.098

 FES

54 ± 13

48 ± 13

0.001*

56 ± 7

50 ± 8

0.003*

 MMSE

26 ± 4

25 ± 6

0.195

26 ± 4

27 ± 3

0.905

 RBDSQ

5.2 ± 2.9

4.1 ± 3

0.036

4 ± 2.8

3.6 ± 2.9

0.177

 Total FOG-Q score

16.5 ± 3.5

13.2 ± 3.9

0.001*

15.5 ± 3

11.9 ± 4.3

0.001*

 DRS Total

124.8 ± 14.8

120.6 ± 28.9

0.727

120 ± 18.4

114 ± 31.6

0.819

  1. The differences were assessed by Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test; P < 0.05 (*) was considered significant after correction for multiple comparisons. [SD = Standard Deviation; MDS-UPDRS = MDS-Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale; H&Y = Hoehn and Yahr scale; TUG = Timed Up and Go test; FES = Falls Efficacy Scale; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; RBDSQ = REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder Screening Questionnaire; FOG-Q = Freezing of Gait Questionnaire].
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