Table 2 Statistical associations.

Cohort	Phenotype PGS	p-value	Direction	Effect size (95% CI)
Iceberg, PPMI, PDBP, SURE-PD3, LCC	Intelligence	5.26e−13	+	0.56 [0.41–0.71]
	Cognitive performance	1.46e−12	+	0.42 [0.31–0.54]
	Educational attainment	8.52e−10	+	0.38 [0.26–0.50]
	Reasoning	3.58e−05	+	0.25 [0.13–0.36]
DIGPD*	Reasoning	0.051		0.17 [−0.00–0.33]
	Intelligence	0.051		0.18 [−0.00–0.36]
	Educational attainment	0.085		0.15 [−0.02–0.33]
	Cognitive performance	0.12		0.13 [−0.04–0.30]
Iceberg	Educational attainment	0.08		0.27 [−0.03–0.57]
	Reasoning	0.17		0.21 [−0.09–0.50]
	Intelligence	0.43		0.15 [−0.21–0.50]
	Cognitive performance	0.56		0.09 [−0.22–0.40]
PPMI	Intelligence	7.05e−06	+	0.67 [0.38–0.97]
	Cognitive performance	1.04e−05	+	0.67 [0.38–0.97]
	Educational attainment	2.42e−05	+	0.50 [0.28–0.72]
	White matter hyperintensities	3.08e−04	−	−0.47 [−0.73–−0.21]
	Reasoning	9.77e−04		0.37 [0.15–0.59]
PDBP	Intelligence	2.71e−07	+	0.72 [0.45–1.00]
	Cognitive performance	6.40e−06	+	0.50 [0.28–0.72]
	Educational attainment	1.04e−04	+	0.45 [0.22–0.68]
	Reasoning	5.45e−03		0.31 [0.09–0.52]
SURE-PD3	Cognitive performance	1.56e−04	+	0.43 [0.21–0.65]
	Intelligence	1.65e−03		0.49 [0.19–0.80]
	Educational attainment	0.058		0.22 [-0.01–0.46]
	Reasoning	0.49		0.08 [-0.14–0.30]
LCC	Intelligence	0.033		2.05 [0.17–3.92]
	Educational attainment	0.087		1.19 [−0.18–2.56]
	Cognitive performance	0.25		0.79 [−0.55–2.14]
	Reasoning	0.94		0.05 [−1.23–1.32]

^*DIGPD was not included in the meta-analysis due to the use of a different cognitive scale (Mini-Mental State Examination) compared to the other cohorts (Montreal Cognitive Assessment).
Associations with the meta-analysis (excluding DIGPD) and with independent analyses in all the cohorts after Bonferroni correction for multiple associations. Associations with the four significant PGS in the meta-analysis are also reported for the independent analyses, although not always significant. The usual 0.05 threshold was used to determine significance, which became 5e−04 after Bonferroni correction. The direction indicates the sign of the association: positive directions correspond to protective factors (the higher the PGS, the higher the cognitive score, the less cognitive decline), and negative directions correspond to risk factors (the higher the PGS, the lower the cognitive score, the more cognitive decline). Non-significant associations are denoted by the lack of direction. CI: confidence interval.

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