Fig. 1: EV-associated miRNA biomarkers for detecting PD.

a Unsupervised clustering heatmap of differentially expressed miRNAs for PD patients (blue) and healthy individuals (red). Each row represents a differentially expressed miRNA. b MA-plot of differentially expressed miRNAs between PD patients and healthy individuals by transforming read abundance onto M (log₂ fold change) and A (log₂ average normalized read counts) scales. Up- or down-regulated miRNAs are shown in red or blue, respectively. c Three-dimensional scatter plot of principal component analysis (PCA) for the differentially expressed miRNAs between PD patients and healthy individuals. The percentage of variance explained by PC1, PC2, and PC3 are shown in the label. d Confusion matrix of the support vector machine (SVM) classifier for PD patients and healthy individuals in the training set (left) and validation set (right). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are shown at the bottom. e The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the SVM classifier in the training set (Red, n = 67) and validation set (blue, n = 46). The values of area under the curve (AUC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) are shown in the plot.