Fig. 1: Carryover effects of CR DBS on the power and coherence in the low and high beta bands, and their correlations with the mUPDRS scores.

A Histological locations of the DBS lead (top) and two ECoG arrays (bottom). B CR DBS pattern (top) and the experiment schedule (bottom). C Top: Daily mUPDRS scores during four CR sessions. Bottom: Comparison of mUPDRS scores revealing immediate and long-term carryover motor benefits of STN CR DBS (Wilcoxon test, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001), n = sample number. D1−D4, F1−F4 demonstrate neural data from the CR session using a cycle rate of 6.95 Hz. Colors of green and orange indicate low and high beta respectively. Differences between LFPs from DBS contacts C1 and C2, and C0 and C1, were termed as STNC1C2 and STNC0C1, respectively. D1 Power spectral densities (PSDs) of the LFPs from individual brain areas pre- and post- 5 days of CR DBS. D2 Daily changes in STN low and high beta power as well as the mUPDRS scores. D3 Immediate changes in low and high beta power after CR DBS (Wilcoxon test, n.s. = not significant). D4 Correlation between the mUPDRS scores and low/high beta power for the entire session. E Data from all four CR sessions illustrating the immediate changes in low and high beta power after CR DBS (left, Wilcoxon test, n.s.) and the correlations between the mUPDRS scores and low/high beta power (right). F1 Coherences between LFPs from STN, PM and M1 pre- and post- 5 days of CR DBS. F2 Daily changes in low and high beta coherences between PM and STN as well as the mUPDRS scores. F3 Immediate changes in low and high beta coherences after CR DBS (Wilcoxon test, *p < 0.05). F4 Correlation between the mUPDRS scores and low/high beta coherences for the entire session. G Data from all four CR sessions illustrating the immediate changes in low and high beta coherences after CR DBS (left, Wilcoxon test, ***p < 0.001) and the correlation between the mUPDRS scores and low/high beta coherences (right).