Fig. 2: Effects of circulating genes on 3935 brain IDPs.

A Mendelian randomization analysis for circulating genes and 3935 brain IDPs. In the scatter plot on the outer ring, the x-axis represents the gene effect on brain IDP (β value), and the y-axis represents −log10 (padj) (all displayed points have padj greater than 0.05). Each point represents a causal relationship between a circulating gene and a IDP. The inner ring’s bar chart represents the density of points, with different colors indicating different types of brain IDPs. B Three different gene functional enrichment analyzes are depicted, with the y-axis representing pathways. The x-axis is divided into two parts, with the significance of enrichment results on the left and the number of genes falling within each pathway on the right. C–E The TWAS results are presented in a bubble plot, with the x-axis representing the mapping trait and the y-axis representing the tissue. The bubble color indicates effect size, while the bubble size reflects significance. F Magenta indicates the physical locations of the cis-regulatory sites associated with the top nine circulating genes that are causally linked to the highest number of MD IDPs.