Table 4 Anti-inflammatory and anti-immunity cytokines of EPCs

From: Anti-inflammatory Prowess of endothelial progenitor cells in the realm of biology and medicine

Factor

EPC phenotype

Effect on inflammation

Involved pathway

Refs.

IL-10

CD34+/CD133+

↑ M2 and Treg

↑ anti-inflammatory response

STAT-3

HuR/matrix metalloproteinase-9

71,75

TGF-β1

CD34+/CD133+

↑ Treg

↓Th17

↑ anti-inflammatory response

Modification of inflammatory genes (Foxf1, IκB, and Brahma)

73,141

IL-4

CD34+/CD133+

↑Th2 and M2a

↑ anti-inflammatory response

STAT6

PPARγ

74,75,76

IL-13

CD34+

↑Th2 and M2a

↑ anti-inflammatory response

STAT6

PPARγ

74

TSG-6

CD34+

↑ M2 and Treg

TLR/NF-κB

SOCS3/STAT3

77,78

sTNF-R1

CD34+/CD133+

↓Th17

↓TNF-α functions

↑ anti-inflammatory response

↑ M2 and ↓inflammatory cell infiltration

NFκB

81,82,83

NO and PGI

ECFCs

↓platelets translocation, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation, aggregation, and adhesion to collagen

COX-2 and NO synthase

69,84