Fig. 3: Remodeling of translation initiation by RM.

a Venn diagram showing the overlap of genes yielding 5′UTR-derived reads in all samples from individual conditions. b Principal component analysis of 5′UTR-to-CDS read ratio in all samples of all four conditions. c Violin plots showing the distribution of mean 5′UTR-to-CDS read ratios for individual mRNAs across all samples of a given condition. P-values from Mann–Whitney U-tests indicate the significance of the differences in mean values between conditions. d Changes in 5′UTR-to-CDS ratio in aging, CR and RM conditions for 173 genes that showed a significant change (p-value < 0.05, Welch’s t-test) in at least one condition; genes are sorted using K-means clustering. e Functional annotation of genes showing a significant change in the 5′UTR-to-CDS ratio in the RM condition. Only genes for which data were available in all samples and conditions (459 genes from the center of panel a) were used. f IGV³⁹ snapshot of the Crat, Rps25 and Eif1ax genes, showing the coverage in different samples. g Scatter plot of changes in CDS-derived RPFs (x-axis) vs. changes in 5′UTR-to-CDS read ratios for the 102 genes showing a significant change in the ratio in the RM condition (p-value < 0.05, Welch’s t-test). The genes shown in panel f are highlighted in red. h Log₂ fold-changes in translation initiation factor expression at mRNA, RPF and TE levels.