Table 1 The lipids and lipid-like materials with self-adjuvant activities in mRNA vaccines.
Name | Component | Proposed functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
LCP | An anionic lipid (DOPA) and calcium phosphate | An artificial nanosized Ca2+ reservoir to promote DCs maturation | Wang et al. 2018 |
DLinDMA | Ionizable cationic lipid | Depending on IL-6 signaling, this lipid can help the TFH cell and germinal center B cell responses to generate abundant neutralizing antibodies. | Morrissey et al. 2005; Pardi et al. 2018; Alameh et al. 2021 |
C1 | Cationic lipid-like material | Acting as the ligand for TLR4, C1 could promote the activation of DCs and cytokines like IL-6 and IL-12P70 to enhance immune responses | Zhang et al. 2021 |
A2 | Ionizable cationic lipid-like material | Inducing the activation of STING signaling, this lipid could promote the release of CXCL10 and IFNs | Miao et al. 2019 |
DDA | A quaternary ammonium lipid | Enhancing the innate immunity and Th1 cell responses | Lou et al., 2020 |
DOTMA and DOPE | Cationic lipid and helper lipid | Elevating the mitochondrial ROS to activate NLRP3 inflammasome and release IL-1β to trigger innate immunity activation | Tahtinen et al. 2022 |
C12-TLRa | Lipidoid | Enhancing mRNA delivery and increasing the innate immunity responses with TLR7/8-agonistic activity | Han et al. 2023 |
SAL12 | Ionizable amino lipid | Activating the STING pathway to produce IFNβ when delivering mRNA | Zhang et al. 2023 |
