Fig. 5: Transcriptional changes and sera cytokine production in vaccinated macaques.

A–D Transcriptional changes of PBMCs in EILV/CHIKV- vaccinated macaques and mock controls at day 7 PV. A PCA of all normalized transcripts to visualize the relatedness of samples via dimensional reduction. Each dot represents an individual RNA sample for mock (pink; n = 3) and EILV/CHIKV (gray; n = 3) groups. Samples that cluster are considered overall more similar, whereas distant samples are considered overall more distinct. B Heatmap of the most differentially expressed mRNAs in EILV/CHIKV-vaccinated compared to the mock-immunized subjects; sorted by statistical significance (Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted P < 0.05). Red indicates increased expression, white indicates no change in expression, blue indicates decreased expression. C Bar plot of the most significant signaling pathways in EILV/CHIKV-vaccinated compared to mock-immunized subjects. Any differentially expressed transcripts with a Benjamini–Hochberg corrected P < 0.1 were deemed significant for enrichment purposes. Pathways are sorted by statistical significance (a higher -log(p-value) indicates higher significance). Red indicates increased expression, blue indicates decreased expression. D Dot plots depicting predicted cell type trend scores for mock (pink; n = 3) and EILV/CHIKV (gray; n = 3) groups. Values were derived from transcriptional signatures indicative for a particular cell subset. E–G Sera cytokines were measured by nonhuman primate inflammation 13-plex kits at indicated time points PC. Data are presented as fold increases compared to the mock group.