Fig. 5: Increasing tissue-scale forces activates fusogenic macrophages, MHC II lymphocytes and myofibroblasts—all classic features of a pathologic FBR. | Nature Biomedical Engineering

Fig. 5: Increasing tissue-scale forces activates fusogenic macrophages, MHC II lymphocytes and myofibroblasts—all classic features of a pathologic FBR.

From: Allometrically scaling tissue forces drive pathological foreign-body responses to implants via Rac2-activated myeloid cells

Fig. 5

a, Relative proportions of cell types in cluster 1, 4 and 7 cells (primarily MSI macrophage clusters). b, Violin plots of gene expression (arbitrary units) by cell cluster. Cluster 4 cells upregulate markers for fusogenic macrophages. c,d, UMAP (c) and violin plots (arb. units) (d) of lymphocytes from murine FBR capsules. MSI lymphocytes show upregulation of MHC class II signalling. e, CODEX immunofluorescence staining of co-localized pixels of MHC2 and CD3 protein (n = 3 independent capsules per group, ***P = 0.0003). White box denotes high magnification (HM) image area. Scale bar for SM and MSI, 50 μm. Scale bar for HM images, 10 μm. Statistical comparisons were made by using a two-tailed t-test. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. f,g, UMAP (f) and violin plots (arb. units) (g) of fibroblasts from murine FBR capsules. h, Violin plots (arb. units) of mechanotransduction markers in SM and MSI fibroblasts. NK, natural killer.

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